Pre 1900 Prose Assignment Charles Dickens Essay Example

Pre 1900 Prose Assignment Charles Dickens Paper Charles John Huffam Dickens was born on 7th February 1812 in Portsmouth. He was the second eldest of the eight children of John Dickens, two of those eight died in childhood. John Dickens was a clerk in the Naval Pay Office, but he was occasionally brought into debt even though he was hard-working. Charles Dickens spent his early childhood in Portsmouth, London and Chatham as his fathers work took him from place to place. In 1823, Charles was employed in a blacking business to help out with the familys financial disaster. Just before this, John Dickens was arrested for debt and not long after the whole family, with the exception of Charles, joined him in the Marshalsea Debtors Prison. The Monthly Magazine was the magazine where Dickens first story, A Dinner at Poplar Walk was published. A year later Dickens becomes a reporter on the Morning Chronicle and not long after that he got engaged to Catherine Hogarth. In 1836 he marries Catherine. Dickens was soon a father of a son, the first of ten children, following The Pickwick Papers publication. The Dickens family then leave for Italy, Switzerland and France in 1844, but he returns to London briefly to read The Chimes to friends before its publication in December. Seven years later, his father dies, during in which time he had moved back and forth from London, Italy, Switzerland and France. Dickens mother and his son Walter die in 1863, five years after his separation from his wife. In 1867, Dickens started to become very ill and it got worse and worse for the next two or three years until he died on 9th June, collapsing at Gads Hill, aged fifty-eight. We will write a custom essay sample on Pre 1900 Prose Assignment Charles Dickens specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pre 1900 Prose Assignment Charles Dickens specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pre 1900 Prose Assignment Charles Dickens specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Charles John Huffam Dickens was buried in Westminster Abbey. In this essay I am going to examine the techniques used by Charles Dickesn to create atmosphere and character in The Signalman and extracts from Great Expectations and Oliver Twist. The Signalman is a short story by Charles Dickens. It was published in 1866 and the terrible train crash Dickens was involved in at Staplehurst, Kent, a year before had inspired him to come up with this story. The story is told in first person by the narrator and starts with his first encounter with a signalman working in a solitary and dismal place. They talk about the signalmans post and his present job, however, on leaving, the signalman admits that he is troubled and they agree to meet again the following night. The next evening, the signalman tells that he sometimes sees a spectre near the entrance of the tunnel warning him by waving and shouting For Gods sake, clear the way! He says that he has seen the same thing twice before, each time shortly before a tragedy involving death. After leaving the signalman, the narrator decides to take him to a doctor next time he is off duty. When he goes back to the Line, however, he sees other men around. They tell him that the signalman was killed by and engine because he was not standing clear to the lines and did not react to the whistle no the waving and shouting of the driver. The spectre, the narrator and the engine driver had all waved ad shouted the same words. Halloa! Below there! is the first sentence of The Signalman and Dickens uses assonance to create an echo sound as if the narrator was in a tunnel. This sentence, therefore, cleverly allows Dickens to introduce the setting immediately. All the way through the story Dickens uses lots of personal pronouns such as he and him, When he heard a voice thus calling him, doing this he forms an atmosphere of mystery. Where I stood on the top of the steep cutting nearly over his head, gives an important perspective of how steep the descent will be when the time comes for the narrator to make his way down the cutting. Also it makes it sound dangerous and inhospitable. When the narrator uses the words foreshortened and shadowed it makes you think that the signalman is sly and evil, but then you realise that the sunset did not shine down the trench. This again creates an unsafe and hostile feel to the setting. Dickens sometimes uses the surroundings to reflect the state of mind of the characters and so an angry sunset could mean that the narrator or the signalman was angry, this is personification. Using this imagery, he has therefore created this scene in the evening, when darkness is about to fall. A vague vibration in the earth and air creates description from the use of the senses. It suggests that there is something dangerous in the distance. Then it follows that on with a violent pulsation hinting that the danger is coming ever close. After that an oncoming rush and vapour rising sounds as though its an earth-shaking monster, and the vapour is like smoke from a mouth. They are all violent hints that there is a hostile creature but really its the effect of a train. Dickens uses phrases such as a rough zigzag descending path and the cutting was extremely deep to make it sound a hazardous place and a very deep descent. Also the word unusually creates a sense of this place being out of the ordinary and sounds as though the narrator is leaving the natural world, thereby introducing the reader to the idea of the supernatural. It was made through a clammy stone that became oozier and wetter as I went down. The words clammy, oozier and wetter are all damp, slimy words and they describe the cutting as dull and depressing, which gives an unpleasant impression of the place. This makes the reader feel uneasy about the setting. Furthermore, if you look back tot the previous quotation, Dickens makes it more and more negative as the narrator descends. The signalman is described as a dark sallow man with a dark beard Repetition of the word dark creates an idea that the signalman is evil and dangerous; death is related to darkness as well. His post has been written as a solitary and dismal place, giving a feeling that he is lonely and his job is very remote. The line a dripping wet wall of jagged stone, excluding all view but a strip of sky. is used to make the signalman appear as if he has been imprisoned in his job. It describes the setting in a degrading way. Great dungeon, again shows that he has been imprisoned by his job. This makes the reader wonder what he has done to deserve his sentence. Also the quotes: a gloomy red light, the gloomier entrance, a black tunnel relate to the word dark. The setting of the line reflects the description of the signalman, making the reader feel uncomfortable and anxious. The words barbarous, depressing, forbidding and deadly are used to make the setting seem even more dangerous than before and like the narrator shouldnt be there. Later on in the story, when the signalman gives his account of when he saw the spectre, Dickens created a sense of confusion by using lots of question marks: Whats wrong? What has happened? Where? Dickens has used many techniques to generally create a dangerous and hostile atmosphere. This was very effective by creating suspense and linking the setting with the dark signalman. Also he set the scene and setting at the very start of the story. In The Signalman, there are just the two characters, the narrator and the signalman. The signalman himself is described through the observations of the narrator, so we get a second hand view of him. The monstrous thought came into my mind as I perused the fixed eyes and the saturnine face, that this was a spirit, not a man. The narrator is more difficult to get a picture of as the reader has to look at what he says and how he says it to find out the type of character he is. The narrator is in the dark about some aspects of the story as first person is the kind of narrator being used. This adds tot the atmosphere of mystery and suspense. The signalman, through the narrator, chose his words and replied carefully, which seems as though the signalman was well-educated and intelligent. He replied to my remarks with readiness and in well-chosen words. He explained to the narrator that he was a student of natural philosophy, but had made many mistakes and didnt come back from them but he ran wild, misused his opportunities, gone down, and never risen again. Himself saying this must mean he understood what he had done and didnt have any complaints. This furthers the readers confusion about his character. I had proved the man to be intelligent, vigilant, painstaking, and exact, this was how the narrator described the signalman from what he knew. He seemed trustworthy, unless it got out of hand, and wanted to help the signalman. Great Expectations was first published weekly in 1860 and finished in 1861. In Chapter 1: Appointment Made, Pip visits the graves of his parents and five brothers. A strange convict leaps out at Pip and orders him to bring food and a file the following morning. The convict threatens Pip that a young man will rip out his heart and liver if Pip does not carry out the orders. The first paragraph is Pip re-telling his past and recounting his childhood. My fathers family name being Pirrip, and my Christian name being Philip, my infant tongue could make of both names nothing longer or more explicit than Pip. So, I called myself Pip, and came to be called Pip. It tells us how and why he is now called Pip. Pip sounds like a nickname given to a boy who is energetic, young and maybe a pickpocket, but in fact It was just given because he couldnt pronounce his own full name. This sets his character out straight away. I never saw my father or my mother lets us know that he is an orphan and this makes us sympathise with him. Pip is taken as imaginative and tries to think what his parents must have looked like by using unusual things to create an odd idea, the shape of the letters on my fathers gave me an odd idea that he was a square, stout dark man, with curly black hair. The next paragraph is in 3rd person and is very effective in giving a wider picture. And that the small bundle of shivers growing afraid of it all and beginning to cry, was Pip. Also by using 3rd person in a 1st person story gives a different perspective to how Pip might feel, but can create confusion as well. The narrator in this paragraph gives an insight into the character and makes Pip sound more vulnerable than he already is. Low leaden line beyond was the river, alliteration appears in this and Dickens has created description from the use of the senses. The Signalman created description from the uses of the senses as well and this is one similarity in both extracts. And that the small bundle of shivers growing afraid of it all and beginning to cry, was Pip. This sentence finishes the 3rd persons view on Pip and is one way in which Dickens has made him look vulnerable and weak. The story goes straight back into 1st person when the convict appears on the scene to confront Pip. Dickens has most probably done this so we can see how Pip feels through his own mind and what he was thinking during the meet between him and the evil convict. Whose teeth chattered in his head as he seized me by the chin. Hold your noise! cried a terrible voice starts the arrival of the convict in the story. It makes him sound impolite and intimidating straight away. Hold your noise is a strange way to tell someone to be quiet and suggests that the story is set a long time ago and this helps set the scene for the whole story. The convict is described through the senses again and is seen as threatening and frightening, all in coarse grey, with a great iron on his leg is one part of the description. Other that make him seem menacing are; old rag tied round his head, smothered in mud, cut by flints, stung by nettles and also who limped and shivered, glared and growled. Pip reveals how frightened he actually is by saying Oh! Dont cut my throat, sir. I pleaded in terror. Pray dont do it, sir. He uses the term sir when talking to the convict and this gives an immediate effect of respect, or in this case fear. Pint out the place! , what fat cheeks you ha got. , and if I hant half a mind tot! are all quotations where an accent is visible from the convict. An accent might create confusion as Pip might not be able to understand him and also lets us know he probably is foreign. When the convict asks where Pips mum was, and Pip answered There, sir! the convict, acting as though he wasnt scared and was scary until then, runs away. This suddenly brings to mind that he isnt as threatening as he was thought to be. Who dye live with supposing youre kindly let to live, which I hant made up my mind about? The convict is re-affirming that he is still dangerous and delivers a threat if Pip doesnt answer. He makes an even greater threat not long after when he wants food and a file, You get me a file. He tilted me again. And you get me wittles. He tilted me again. You bring em both to me. He tilted me again. Or Ill have your heart and liver out. He tilted me again. The convict backs this threat up by scaring Pip when he tilts him back and back. In this extract, Dickens has again used effective techniques to create an atmosphere where Pip is frightened and vulnerable. At times, though, he has made the convict look slightly afraid and sometimes you feel sorry for him because of how he has been described. The scene and setting changed as the extract went on, one part was when Pip was described as petrified in his point of view, and another was a different perspective of Pip. Also the convict, when he first arrives on the scene he is described as intimidating and a scary person but your opinion changes as the extract goes on. The Signalman is quite a bit different to this extract from Great Expectations as Dickens doesnt try and use the same techniques to create the same effect. Oliver Twist was one of Charles Dickens most popular novels and was first published between 1837 and 1838. It centres on the hardship of the dispossessed and those of outside civilised society. The extract that I am analysing is Chapter 47: Fatal Consequences and focuses mainly on a discussion between Fagin and Bill Sykes, and then at the end of the chapter, Bill murdering Nancy. The first paragraph is basically a very long sentence; it is over five lines long and goes on to set the scene and atmosphere. It was nearly two hours before daybreak tells us that it is still dark and darkness can be seen as where all evil takes place. This immediately sets a dangerous and frightening atmosphere, just like Dickens did with The Signalman. That time in which the Autumn of the year. This backs up the evil part as autumn is barren and hibernation takes place. Dead is related to evil and darkness and the next quotation is just part of the description of the setting but we already know that the atmosphere is dangerous and scary. May truly be called the dead of night is also very negative and nothing g ood is said. The dead of night is personification and so is sounds appear to slumber. The first quotation the dead of night could mean that at night everything seems dead as it could be silent and maybe unsettling. The next quotation sounds appear to slumber suggests that because it was silent it felt that all sounds were sleeping and fits in with the danger atmosphere. Personification was used in The Signalman so again this extract has similarities with the short story. Fagin was first described as though he was evil and dead, and went well with the description of the setting. Fagin sat watching in his old lair, with face so distorted and pale, and eyes so red and bloodshot makes us create an image of Fagin which was quite frightening. That he looked less like a man, than like some hideous phantom, moist from the grave, and worried by and evil spirit finishes of that fearsome picture of Fagin in our minds and describes him as though he had died long ago and risen up from his grave. Dickens uses evil again to tell us about a spirit and this helps with the frightening atmosphere if the character is like it. Fagin is then portrayed as being an animal or monster, he sat crouching over a cold hearth, his toothless gums and fangs are all features or characteristics of an animal such as a dog. At last. He muttered, wiping his dry and fevered mouth. At last! This quotation suggests that Fagin was expecting Sikes, but he might have been late. It could mean that Fagin is impatient. Sikes is described as soon as he comes through the door and creates an image of him being the brawn of the two, whereas Fagin is the brains. The man displayed the burly frame of Sikes. Bur he did not take his eyes of the robber shows that Fagin does not trust Sikes and shows that he fears him a bit. Dickens has given Sikes an accent Damme said Sikes, and this has made Sikes foreign, more dangerous as he is from another county and harder to understand. Sikes lacks security, feeling in his breast with a look of alarm, which has made us feel that he is unstable and that he needs protection. It also shows that Sikes mistrusts Fagin as well. Nance will think Im lost. Gives a little glimmer that Sikes is caring and humanises him to his first description. Fagin uses blackmail a few times to persuade Sikes What if I did it! cried Fagin, almost in a yell. I, that know so much and, could hang so many besides myself! This blackmail is strong and is showing that what Fagin is trying to persuade Sikes to do is important. Sikes changes back to his violent self after he is humanised and he makes brutal threats to match Fagins blackmail. And beat your brains out afore the people and that I could smash you head as if I a loaded wagon had gone over it are two quotations showing the violence in him. Dickens has gone further than Sikes being just violent and has also created an image that he is not even afraid of death, Id do something in the jail that ud get me put in irons This finishes our image of the character Sikes in our heads and it is a cruel aggressive one, no sign of the caring part as he is willing to kill anyone who betrays him. When Sikes comes into Nancys room, Dickens makes Nancy feel vulnerable and we can sympathise for her. Even when Dickens uses double-locked the door it shows that she wants some security. The girl was lying, half dressed, upon it. Girl is used to again go further on her vulnerability and that shes not a woman but a defenceless young girl. Nancy is said to be pleased with Bills return and she thinks of him as a guard or some protection, or it shows that she might love him, with an expression of pleasure at his return. During the murder of Nancy, she was said to be praying on her knees and this helps for Dickens to make us feel sorry for her. Also a white handkerchief makes her appear helpless and weak This extract from Oliver Twist has most of the atmosphere techniques at the start of it, so as to create an image of the scene as quickly as possible. The Signalman and this extract are very similar in the techniques used to create atmosphere as Dickens is trying to build up a dangerous and evil place. Techniques used to create character are used throughout the extract and each character has been given different characteristics so there would be conflict. Fagin is very sly and evil, Sikes is violent and aggressive and Nancy is vulnerable and weak. The Signalman and Great Expectations both have two characters and centres mainly on the atmosphere and less on the them, whereas Oliver Twist uses techniques more to describe the characters. I found that The Signalman and Oliver Twist were the more effective of the three. I think I thought this as there was a lot of detail on the atmosphere of The Signalman and had conclusions to what the signalman was like, in his job and what is personality was actually like. Oliver Twist went into great detail with the characters and I liked this as I could create an image of all three characters and then I imagined what the atmosphere was like around them after. Dickens in Great Expectations, though, didnt use as many effective techniques to describe the characters. The atmosphere was being described through the use of the senses and there werent that many other techniques. This is why I thought that Great Expectations was less interesting and therefore less effective in building atmosphere and character.

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The company is working to protect the water resources they have used in India and working with nonprofit organizations to promote sustainable agricultural practices (â€Å"Stakeholders Engagement’† 2012). Products are delivered directly to retail and food service customers such as grocery stores, gas stations, restaurants, and vending machines. PepsiCo  also assist these stakeholders with marketing services that contributes to the customers’ growth and profit (â€Å"Stakeholders Engagement,† 2012). Conclusion A company’s strength, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats must be analyzed to determine the potential of the return on investment. Even with its weaknesses, PepsiCo is a strong company with earnings growth over the past five years, and has enough cash on hand to maintain its operation. With the new initiatives that PepsiCo is working on, such as expanding its market into developing countries and providing healthier options to its consumers, the company will be able to meet the needs of its stakeholders. References Brands. (2012) Retrieved from http://www.pepsico.com/Brands.html Diet Mountain Dew, Brisk and Starbucks Ready-T0-Drink Beverages Grow to the Billion-Dollar Brands for PepsiCo. (2012, January 26) Retrieved from http://seekingalpha.com/news-article/2139612-diet-mountain-dew-brisk-and-starbucks-ready-to-drink-beverages-grow-to-be-billion-dollar-brands-for-pepsico Edwards, J. (2011, June 22). Pepsi Just Can’t Stop Pulling the Tab After Shaking Up Management. Retrieved from http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505123_162-42749107/pepsi-just-cant-stop-pulling-the-tab-after-shaking-up-management/ Edwards, J. (2012, May 10). How Pepsi Management Shuffles Led To Sales Collapse. Retrieved from http://www.businessinsider.com/how-pepsis-management-shuffles-led-to-sales-collapse-2012-5?op=1 Fisher, B. (2012, June 12). Pepsi loses Dunkin, Eyes Emerging Markets. Retrieved from http://beta.fool.com/bobbyfisher/2012/06/12/pepsi-loses-dunkin-eyes-emerging-markets/5599/?logvisit=ysource=eptcnnlnk0000001 Nickels, W. G., McHugh, J. M., McHugh, S. M. (2010). Understanding Business (9th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Pepsi Absorbs Wimm-Bill-Dann. (2011) Retrieved from http://rt.com/business/news/pepsi-absorbs-wimm-bill-dann-333/ Performance. (2012) Retrieved from http://www.pepsico.com/Purpose/Performance-with-Purpose.html Stakeholder Engagement. (2012) Retrieved from http://www.pepsico.com/Purpose/Overview/Stakeholder-Engagement.html Steinberg, J. (2012, July 11). PepsiCo Expanding Its American Portfolio With Dairy Products. Retrieved from http://seekingalpha.com/article/714491-pepsico-expanding-its-american-portfolio-with-dairy-products Talent Sustainability. (2012) Retrieved from http://www.pepsico.com/Purpose/Talent-Sustainability.html The Power of PepsiCo – 2011 Annual Report. (2011) Retrieved from http://www.pepsico.com/annual11/downloads/pep_ar11_2011_annual_report.pdf Theodore, S. (2012, August 13). Diet Coke Enters A New Decade: The Carbonated Soft Drink Brand Has Come A Long Way. Retrieved from http://www.mintel.com/blog/diet-coke-enters-new-decade-carbonated-soft-drink-brand-has-come-long-way Tomlinson, S. (2012, March 3). Soda Sales Fall Faster As Americans Turn To Healthier Options. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2118291/Soda-sales-fall-faster-Americans-turn-healthier-options.html

Brand Tracking Survey Essay -- Business and Management Studies

Brand Tracking Survey This is a brand tracking survey that Steinlager beer might use. You will see where you can insert your own product category and brand name. Notice how the questions go from broad to specific. Keep that format if you add your own questions. Keep all of these questions! Be aware that in some situations, brand tracking may be concerned with which products the brand reminds consumers of (when the brand is on multiple products), instead of which brands the product reminds people of (as we do here). Parts of this survey come from: Keller, Kevin Lane (1998), Strategic Brand Management: Building, Measuring, and Managing Brand Equity, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, p382-383. You would conduct this kind of survey by telephone or in person. The interviewer can complete the questionnaire[1]. Alternatively, give respondents a printed copy to complete, but save any pages that mention the target brand until they have completed the first part. Always begin with an introduction that tells who you are, what you are doing and what you will ask them to do. Use one like the one provided here. Introduction Information for Participants â€Å"I am conducting a short interview on consumer opinions about certain products. This is part of my study about brands at the Waikato Management School. I’m in Dr Carolyn Costley’s class on Brand Strategy. The questions will take about ten minutes. You do not have to answer them. If you do, I will combine your res...

Industrial Economic Research Paper

Qustion1 Identify and explain the market structure in which the company is operating Pos Malaysia Market structure * Monopoly firm Introduction (Pos Malaysia) Pos Malaysia Berhad is Malaysia’s premier physical communications provider. Pos Malaysia also has a widespread network of 701 post offices all over the country, in addition to its network of mini post offices, mobile post offices, postal agents and stamp agents, making it one of the most extensive retail networks in Malaysia.Pos Malaysia’s Strategic Business Units that aim to provide quality, reliable, timely and innovative solutions to its customers, are made up of PosMel (mail and postal services), PosLaju (courier and express mail services), and PosNiaga (retail business services). Pos Malaysia also acts as a counter collection and payment agency for a range of financial transactions, such as bill payments, remittance, insurance and unit trusts. Pos Malaysia consists of 3 Main Core Business Units: Pos Mel ,Pos Laju and Pos Niaga. Poslaju or EMS service caters to all segments of the business community and the general public.There are 37 Poslaju Centres nationwide offer all types of courier services. Besides Mail and Express servicer. Poslaju or EMS service caters to all segments of the business community and the general public. Type of courier services Inbound Logistics * Customs Clearance, Import permit documentation, Transportation, Warehousing, Distribution channel/break bulk, Proof of delivery, Track and trace. Outbound Logistics * Customs clearance ,Export documentation ,Transportations ,Warehousing ,Distribution channel/break bulk ,Proof of delivery ,Track and trace Monopoly market structure (Pos Malaysia)Government protection Pos Malaysia Berhad is a Malaysian postal service company that was privatized in 1992 from a government department into a business corporation. Government also protects and helps pos Malaysia if that firm has shortage cost and losses. was attributed to the pos Malaysia is the first company established to provide these services and the company has long operated, known by society and high cost in the provision of post Malaysia. Society loyalty The society in Malaysia has known about brand of pos Malaysia and the society also has familiar to uses pos Malaysia as services of mail.The public will be more confident in such a service as Pos Malaysia is an agency under the ministry and the government is indirectly involved in ensuring the security of the items kept here. Maximize profit A monopoly market exists when there is huge number of buyers but small or very limited number of sellers in the market. Monopoly is the only supplier of a product for which there is no close substitute. In monopoly market, the firm has get a maximize profit, if the manager has have good skill and knowledge to manages that company.For example, pos Malaysia have a good manages, and that means this company can get a height profit. In monopoly market, pos Malaysia can set its own price and the prices chosen affects the quantity it sells. Pos Malaysia is the only licensed mail services provider in Malaysia and is the leader in the Malaysia Courier Services. Pos Malaysia posted a net profit of RM 61 million for the nine months ended September 2004 – an increase of more than 40 per cent from the corresponding period in the previous year.It is projected to earn a net profit of close to RM100 million this year based on existing postal rates. Power of set prices In monopoly market, pos Malaysia can put the price of the service with a high rate to the profit of the community to obtain greater. This can be carried out in the market as pos Malaysia is the only domestic postal mail offered in Malaysia Advantages in monopoly Stability of prices * In a monopoly market the prices are most of the times stable. This happens because there is only one firm involved in the market that sets the prices if and when it feels like.In other types of market struc tures prices are not stable and tend to be elastic as a result of the competition that exists but this isn’t the case in a monopoly market as there is little or no competition at all. Source of revenue for the government * The government gets revenue in form of taxation from monopoly firms. Massive profits * Due to the absence of competitors which leads to high number of sales monopoly firms tend to receive super profits from their operations.The massive profits realized may be used in such things as launching other products, carrying out research and development among many other things that may be beneficial to the firm. Question 2 Comment if there are barriers to entry Definition Barriers to entry are designed to block potential entrants from entering a market profitably. They seek to protect the monopoly power of existing (incumbent) firms in an industry and therefore maintain supernormal (monopoly) profits in the long run.Barriers to entry have the effect of making a mark et less contestable. Defined an entry barrier as â€Å"A cost of producing (at some or every rate of output) which must be borne by a firm which seeks to enter an industry but is not borne by firms already in the industry. Barriers to entry in( pos Malaysia). In pos Malaysia, there are barriers to entry. Among them are: Advertising and marketing * Developing consumer loyalty by establishing branded products can make successful entry into the market by new firms much more expensive. Cost Advantages Lower Costs; through experience of Being in the market for missing time, allows the existing postal company Malaysia’s to cut price and win price wars if another firm enter the market. Absolute cost advantages * Allows an incumbent firm to earn excess profits without feat of new firm entering the market. for example in the market, pos Malaysia price of the service is able to offer a cheaper service player medals RM7 per unit, but other companies likes DHL and FedEx only able to off er prices as low as RM 12 mail service. so its pos Malaysia cans set PRICES at rm10.Which is are more chipper, than the more customer use pos Malaysia services and also get a highest profit. Government Restrictions * Government is the source of barriers to entry that are created by patents and copyrights. But these are not the only barriers to entry enabled by government. Government is, after all, the entity that establishes the rules of the game. Governments frequently erect barriers to entry by legally limiting the number of participants in a market. Legal restrictions for public utilities are usually designed to make the most effective use of natural monopoly markets that can create serious inefficiency problems.Other legal restrictions, such as licenses or charters, are generally intended to pursue other goals, but create barriers to entry nonetheless. For example, pos mel only provided by pos Malaysia. Although there are big rivals like FedEx and DHL outside, but pos Malaysia o ffer cheaper prices. First mover advantages * The first firm to enter incurs lower marketing costs because it faces no rivals. Later firm face higher marketing costs because they must compete against the first firm. If the presence of the incumbent raises the marketing costs of the second firm to enter, then the first firm has permanent advantages and can maintain high prices